Fall of the Western Roman Empire free essay sample

Political reasons are a piece of why the Western Roman Empire declined. The passing of the sovereign Marcus Aurelius was a colossal set terrible for romans. The realm confronted issues just a solid head could fix, however now they didnt have one. Aureliuss child managed for a long time, however he didnt center much around Romes issues. An aggregate of around fifty distinct men asserted the title of head who all invested a large portion of their energy taking out foes and protcting themselves of assasination endeavors. To finish up, they didn't have a lot of time to address the realms issues like assaults on the Roman wildernesses. Military issues additionally participated in the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The explanation behind this is Roman rulers has been compelled to station troops on the domains northern fringe to repulse attacking. At the point when this happened is caused a frenzy and disturbed exchange. We will compose a custom article test on Fall of the Western Roman Empire or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Due to another danger, Rome pioneers had to move armies that had been safeguarding the nothern wilderness. There were less Roman soldiers to protect the nothern fringes so heads started paying German warriors not to battle and employing them to safeguard the boondocks. As of now rulers were all the while securing themselves against rivals by recruiting hired fighters. In the long run the realm depended on hired soldiers or paid soilders from outside the domain. Since Romes armed force depended on paid soilders, the sovereign Septimus Severus needed to rewaed them. By doing that he expanded their compensation by a third draining the treasury and making financial difficulty for charge paying romans making the realm fall. Another explanation the Western Roman Empire fell was monetary and social decrease. Since Romes armed force cost such a lot of cash everybody was encountering difficult situations. The battling on the outskirts made exchange and travel perilous and costly. Armed forces demolished ranchers fields harming agrarian creation. To make issues greater, smallpox and other ailing attacked wherever murdering a few million individuals. Romes pioneers started printing more coins declining cash in esteem prompting servere inflaction. The quantity of citizens were expanded by stretching out citizenship to every single free individuals of the realm. Cizitenszship wasnt as valuable as it used to be on the grounds that individuals were paying preposterous expenses for a disintegrating domain. For the reasons examined above, policial, military, and financial aspects the Western Roman Empire took a gigantic decay self-destructing. Sovereigns were deficient with regards to, war was seething, costs and charges were rising, and difficulties were expanding making the Western Roman Empire decrease. In spite of the fact that it replaced numerous years the Western Roman Empire fell for a few reasons.

Peculiarities of Girth Calculation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Quirks of Girth Calculation - Essay Example This must be trailed by Leveling and reviewing, at that point compacting and cutting of the divider surfaces that the uncovering uncovered. There is no numerous treatment of the removal materials on the site as the materials are viewed as dormant except if there is an alternate depiction. Support of about 5% is applied to the pillars and segments. The Horizontal work in this authorization incorporates the beds, establishment, blinding, segment, ground shafts, base, chunks, connected bars and the pillar housings. The shape is viewed as normal with the exception of when there is an opposite depiction. Any shape that isn't rectangular or square is seen as unpredictable. The solid housings, segments and steel shafts are ordinary shapes. DPC (Damp-confirmation courses) is made to a fitting width of 300mm before the arrangement of hole plate. DPCs are viewed as including the arrangement of laps, edges and edges (closes). They additionally spread the pointing edges uncovered by the removal. At last, they spread bonds to the DPM (moist evidence films) and materials of comparative properties. Openings, pits, liners, DPCs and installations identified with mechanical associations. This will require things like steel lintels, wind posts, divider end holding, divider end ties, evaporator seats, winders and arrivals. Extra prerequisite incorporates normally formed materials with exact measurements and references as indicated in the NRM2 strategies. The ground measurements are acquired by squaring the sides of the rooms. The infilling boards are considered to incorporate sealants, strips, and intumescent mixes, setting obstructs just as fixings. Different types of square work are done in glasses, plastics and any type of coating. The size of the glasswork components are viewed as sporadic, made in little rectangular size squares. The sheets are gotten from these rectangular squares. Under the NRM2 principles, the developments have two surfaces, including brickwork, stonework and square work.â

Ativan Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, and Treatment

Ativan Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, and Treatment Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Print How Long Does Withdrawal From Ativan Last? By Corinne O’Keefe Osborn linkedin Corinne Osborn is an award-winning health and wellness journalist with a background in substance abuse, sexual health, and psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Corinne O’Keefe Osborn Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 26, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on November 26, 2019 More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Methods and Support Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Ativan (lorazepam) is a brand name prescription drug used to treat anxiety disorders, seizures, and insomnia. It is among the country’s most frequently prescribed medications. Ativan belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines. Benzos, as they are often called, are central nervous system depressants that have a sedating and relaxing effect. Unfortunately, tolerance and dependence are not uncommon. Verywell / Emily Roberts     Overview From 1996 to 2013, the number of people filling benzo prescriptions increased by 67 percent, going from 8 to 13.5 million. In 2011, doctors wrote more than 27 million prescriptions for lorazepam (Ativan) alone. Estimates suggest that as of 2016, half a million people in the United States were misusing sedatives like Ativan. Unfortunately, Ativan withdrawal doesn’t only affect people who have been misusing the drug, but their family members and loved ones as well. If you’ve been using Ativan daily for more than a few weeks, you can expect some withdrawal symptoms.    Ativan withdrawal is a challenging, uncomfortable experience. Many people take Ativan regularly for years without realizing quite how dependent they have become. You may know the feeling of wanting to take an Ativan when you don’t have one, or of waiting too long in between doses, but withdrawal is a whole different beast. Signs and Symptoms Benzos like Ativan were originally intended for short-term use, but long-term use for anxiety and insomnia has become commonplace. Taking Ativan for as little as three to six weeks, even at therapeutic doses, can cause physical dependence and mild withdrawal symptoms. Around 40 percent of people on benzos for more than six months will have moderate to severe withdrawal symptoms if they stop taking it abruptly. The other 60 percent will have mild symptoms. The severity of withdrawal symptoms is also associated with your current dose. If you are on a high dose of Ativan or if you mix Ativan with other benzos, your withdrawal symptoms may be more severe. When your daily dose of Ativan is suddenly stopped or significantly reduced, withdrawal symptoms can appear in as little as eight to 12 hours. You can expect to feel extremely anxious and irritable for several weeks. The anxiety you feel during Ativan withdrawal will probably be worse than the level of anxiety you were experiencing before you started taking it. Insomnia can compound the effects of anxiety and it can feel like your sleep patterns will never return to normal. Many people experience bad headaches, hand tremors, and muscle aches. You may find it hard to concentrate or have problems with your memory. In severe cases of high-dose withdrawal, some people experience hallucinations, delirium, and grand mal seizures.     Further potential symptoms include: AnxietyInsomniaIrritabilityRestlessnessHand tremorsMuscle spasmsHeadacheSweatingRacing pulseHyperventilationNausea or vomitingAches and painsPanic attacksHypersensitivity to stimuli like light and touchAbnormal bodily sensations (skin-crawling, goosebumps)DepressionProblems with concentration and memoryVisual disturbances (flashes of light or blurred vision)Auditory, tactile, or visual hallucinationsFeelings of unrealityDeliriumGrand mal seizures Some studies describe acute lorazepam withdrawal is at its worst on the second day and improves by the fourth or fifth day.  Other researchers, including the World Health Organization (WHO), have found that acute symptoms last longer, typically between one and four weeks.  It has been estimated that anywhere from 10 to 25 percent of long-term benzo users experience what’s known as protracted withdrawal. Protracted withdrawal involves milder symptoms that come and go for several months. It’s definitely not easy, but it typically resolves on its own within one year.   Coping Relief The best way to deal with benzo withdrawal is to abandon any attempt to quit cold turkey or all at once. Quitting Ativan takes time and planning. You can avoid the worst of Ativan withdrawal by working with your doctor to taper down your dose. Tapering involves taking progressively smaller doses of Ativan over a period of several weeks or months. Before your tapering begins, your doctor may switch you from Ativan to a longer-acting benzo such as diazepam. A long-acting drug helps stabilize you and make your taper smoother. There is no single tapering schedule that works best for everyone. The higher your dose, the more significant your first dose reduction will be. Once you are stabilized on a lower dose of diazepam, your doctor will reduce your dose by roughly 10 to 20 percent every week. Your doctor may prescribe small amounts of the medication at a time, to prevent you from taking more than you should. If you have been using Ativan for longer than six months, tapering is the only safe way to stop taking the drug. While tapering will reduce your withdrawal symptoms, it won’t get rid of them entirely. You may have symptoms each time your dose is reduced. To help you cope with these symptoms, consider the following options: Cognitive behavioral therapyMeditationMindfulnessExercise Warnings Quitting Ativan cold turkey can be dangerous. People quitting benzos abruptly may experience a life-threatening grand mal seizure. Without a taper, quitting Ativan can also potentially cause delirium, another dangerous condition that can cause people to become acutely confused along with other symptoms. While it may feel to you like Ativan is not a very serious drug, especially if you only take it as directed, it has powerful effects on your brain. Some drugs, even serious illicit ones like cocaine, are safe to quit on your own. Benzos are not. However, most people don’t need to undergo inpatient detox. Consulting your primary care doctor or psychiatrist on an outpatient level should be sufficient. Your doctor can monitor your tapering progress through frequent visits and phone calls. If you have a history of complicated withdrawal, seizures, or severe mental illness, you may be better off in an inpatient setting. This can involve living at a detox or rehab facility for several weeks, where you can be monitored for complications. Psychiatric Symptoms Ativan withdrawal can coincide with the reemergence of psychiatric symptoms that may have been dormant while you were using the drug. This can include severe anxiety, PTSD symptoms, OCD symptoms, and depression. Inpatient treatment may be required is severe symptoms emerge. Talk to your psychiatrist or psychologist about helping you work with your insurance company to get treatment. If you are uninsured, there are inpatient facilities that still may be an option. The decision about whether to continue using Ativan during pregnancy is one that each woman has to consider with the help of her doctor. If you are pregnant, talk to your psychiatrist or OBGYN about the risks of continuing the drug and the risks of quitting while pregnant. There are no hard-and-fast rules about which is better for the mother or baby. If you do want to quit while pregnant, a medically supervised taper is the only safe way to do it. Long-Term Treatment Ativan withdrawal can feel long and arduous because it tends to come and go during the course of your taper. Some people finish tapering their dose within three to four weeks, but others may stretch their taper out for as long as 12 months. Longer tapers are not associated with better outcomes, but they may be more comfortable for some people.  It is very important to complete your taper without reversing direction. An Ativan taper should move continuously forward with decreasing doses. If withdrawal symptoms arise during the taper, the taper can be paused to allow the body time to adjust, but the dose should not be increased. For those who have been abusing Ativan, tapering alone may not be enough to maintain abstinence. Cognitive behavioral and other psychotherapies can help you understand why you feel the need to use or abuse Ativan and can help you make healthier decisions. If total abstinence is causing psychological distress, some people may aim for a reduced dose. Tapering toward a reduced dose can help reset your tolerance level and help you avoid the negative side effects of high doses. Resources If you are interested in stopping or reducing your Ativan dose, start by talking with your prescribing doctor. Primary care doctors and psychiatrists are both excellent resources. To make your dose taper easier on yourself, plan to work with a doctor who is conveniently located and easily accessible. You may need to make a number of office visits. To find a psychiatrist or psychologist who specializes in addiction treatment, you can use this searchable directory from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). You can also call SAMHSA’s national helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (4357) to find a provider in your area.  A Word From Verywell It’s easy for Ativan use to get away from you. Maybe your dose has crept up over the years and you’re having trouble concentrating and remembering things. Maybe you’ve only been using for a few months, but you’re worried that it’s becoming an emotional crutch. Maybe you don’t remember what it’s like to sleep without it. Whatever your reason for quitting Ativan, focus on it as much as you can. Withdrawal can be hard, but everything worth doing is. You’ll thank yourself in the end. Recognizing Addiction

What Are the Problems Being Encountered by the Irregular...

John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Molo, Inc. College of Business Iloilo City PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY IRREGULAR STUDENTS DURING ENROLLMENT AT JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY-MOLO, INC. John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Molo, Inc. College of Business Iloilo City Acknowledgement The researchers gratefully acknowledge the valuable contributions of the following persons in the realization of this work Eng. Glenito L. Pador, D., Dean of college of Business for allowing the researchers to administer the research questionnaire. Mrs. Angeline E. Basco, MSBA- HRM, BSCSM program head, for allowing the researchers to conduct this study. The researchers classmate and friends for their kindness†¦show more content†¦Schematic Diagram showing the relation between the Independent Variable and the Dependent Variable John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Molo, Inc. College of Business Iloilo City Statement of the Problem this study will not only determines the problem of the irregular students but also to know how effective the system of the school to handle the problems of the student in enrollment time at John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University- Molo, Inc., AY 2013- 2014. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1. how John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Molo, Inc. College of Business Iloilo City Definition of Terms To ensure better idea and clearer understanding of this study, the following terms are defined conceptually and operationally. John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University. The first maritime university in the Philippines which is consist of four major academic components: JBLFNU- Arevalo, JBLFNU- Molo, Training Center, JBLF- Bacolod and Maritime High School. The John B.Lacson Foundation Maritime University was founded by Master Mariner Juan Bautista Lacson. It first started with a review school for marine officers in May 1931 before the establishment of the Iloilo Maritime Academy in 1948.Show MoreRelatedRationale Sample1424 Words   |  6 PagesIsland State University – Main Campus† Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE INTRODUCTION Rationale Almost everything has been influenced by technology. In the current era of rapid development, technology facilitates peoples’ lives and creates more comfort. It has remarkably improved the quality of life. Due to this advancement, young people of this generation are getting used to find the easiest and most convenient way. As for the students and faculty of Bohol Island State University – Main CampusRead MoreSocial Media And The Negative Effects On Teens1292 Words   |  6 Pagestheir acts on social media, they state that, â€Å"†¦95% of all teens ages 12-17 are now online and 80% of those online teens are users of social media sites† (Pew Research Center). 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James Liang And The Volkswagen Emission Scandal Essay

James Liang and the Volkswagen Emission Scandal An Ethical Examination On September 9, 2016, a veteran engineer of Volkswagen AG by the name of James Robert Liang pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy to defraud the government, committing wire fraud, and violating the U.S. Clean Air Act. While working in Germany in 2006, Liang was part of a team charged with producing a new fuel-efficient diesel engine that satisfied new U.S. regulations on vehicle emissions. He and his team eventually came to the conclusion that their engine could not satisfy these new regulations while maintaining consumer expectations of engine performance. Their solution to this dilemma was to implement illegal software (known as a â€Å"defeat device†) into newly produced vehicles sold in the U.S. The purpose of this software was to detect any emissions test being performed on a vehicle and alter the results to show cleaner emissions on the onboard computer. Nearly 500,000 vehicles with this defeat device were sold in the U.S.; by 2008, consumers beg an to experience issues in their vehicles (not knowing it was due to the emission test software), and Liang worked to refine the device even further. The entirety of the scandal eventually came into the public spotlight in 2015 (Guess, 2016, p.1). The subsequent paragraphs of this essay will first discuss Kantian duty ethics and rule utilitarianism, and focus on analyzing the moral implications of Liang’s actions in reference to these moral theories. KantianShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Engineer James Liang And The Volkswagen Emission Scandal1291 Words   |  6 Pagesoften be asked regarding the case of engineer James Liang and his role in the Volkswagen emission scandal. During the period of early 2006 to 2014, James Liang and his team of engineers developed a â€Å"defeat† device that allowed diesel powered vehicles to pass the EPA emission test, when in fact the vehicles were emitting up to 30 times the allowable limit. To many, this may seem a black and white case o f ethics due to the fact that Liang’s team and Volkswagen blatantly cheated on a governmental testingRead MoreAn Investigation Into The Volkswagen Emissions Scandal After Research Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesis an ongoing investigation into the Volkswagen emissions scandal after research indicated a large discrepancy in emissions during testing and road operation conditions on some of the company’s diesel engine vehicles.[1] On September 9, 2016, James Liang, an experienced Volkswagen engineer and head of the company’s Diesel Competence unit in the U.S., pleaded guilty to taking part in a fraudulent scheme to allow certain Volkswagen vehicles that violated emissions regulations to pass testing proceduresRead MoreThe Vs. Emission Testing1200 Words   |  5 Pagestopic that the Volkswagen engineer James Liang pleads guilty for his role in cheat U.S. emission test. Back to last year James Liang and his co-conspirators designed and implemented software for new â€Å"EA 189† diesel engine, to cheat the missions tests. They knew it was impossible to create a diesel engine that could meet the U.S. emission standard, so they developed a software â€Å"defeat device,† which could recognize the difference between using the dynamometer to measure the emission quality in U.SRead MoreThe Principles Of Teamwork, Leadership Practices, And How These Influenced Business Outcomes Essay1962 Words   |  8 PagesOnce known for quality automobiles, Volkswagen is now perceived as a global corporation that deliberately deceived the U.S. government and defrauded customers. In this paper our team investigated the principles of teamwork, leadership practices, and how these influenced business outcomes. Research indicated that Volkswagen’s corporate culture has not always been the best. Dictatorial executive leadership and a culture where â€Å"success at all costs† outweighed ethics created an environment hostile toRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesUniversity Jann Freed, Central College Crissie Frye, Eastern Michigan University Diane Galbraith, Slippery Rock University Carolyn Gardner, Radford University Janice Gates, Western Illinois University Ellen Kaye Gehrke, Alliant International University James Gelatt, University of Maryland University College Joe Gerard, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee Matthew Giblin, Southern Illinois University Donald Gibson, Fairfield University Cindi Gilliland, The University of Arizona Mary Giovannini, Truman State

Cell Phone and driving Free Essays

The purpose of the client card is for you to gain information as to what the client is using on their ace as well as any medications they may be taking that can affect the service. Do Not perform a wax service if your client is allergic to wax, taking certain medications, or using facial products that may cause their face to thin or burn while waxing. Once the consultation is complete you may now begin your waxing services. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone and driving or any similar topic only for you Order Now O us session. Prepare everything in advance before bring client back to the waxing area. Begin by first laying out all of your materials needed for waxing such as; hand sanitized, tweezers, eye brow comb, cotton, wax strips, scissors, and wooded applicator sticks. Briefly discuss with client the shape they are desiring. Have your client to lean back in the chair and relax. Examine the area and make your own assessment as to what the client needs. Communicate your findings and once agreed upon you may start the service. Start by sanitation your hands. Next apply pre cleaner solution to cotton balls to cleanse the brow area. Allow 3 to 5 seconds to dry, now brush brows In the direction that they grow In using the eyebrow brush/comb. Next dip the wooden stick into wax and apply underneath the brow using a thin layer of wax In the same direction of brow. Quickly apply a strip of muslin to waxed area. Rub the muslin strip with your two pointer fingers In same direction of eye brows. Hold outer corner of eye taunt and pull the strip In the opposite direction. Next repeat the waxing steps listed above for above brow, and center of brows. When finished apply wax remover to cotton balls to remove wax. Now use the brush end of comb to smooth brows. Remove any unwanted hairs that may still remain with tweezers and If needed use scissors to trim eyebrow length. Once you have achieved desired shape, apply cooling gel to eyebrows to help cool down area. At this time you may hand the mirror to the client, to let them see the finished results of their eyebrow wax service. Educate them on how often they should come back In to have them redone. Thank them for coming In and let them know that you look forward to seeing them back In 3 to 4 weeks. In conclusion eyebrow waxing may not be the most enjoyable service to have done, but when you are prepared, experienced, and customers love your work, the ending results makes It all worthwhile. Cell Phone and driving By larboard cotton balls to cleanse the brow area. Allow 3 to 5 seconds to dry, now brush brows in he direction that they grow in using the eyebrow brush/comb. Next dip the wooden stick into wax and apply underneath the brow using a thin layer of wax in the same with your two pointer fingers in same direction of eye brows. Hold outer corner of eye taunt and pull the strip in the opposite direction. Next repeat the waxing steps Remove any unwanted hairs that may still remain with tweezers and if needed use Educate them on how often they should come back in to have them redone. Thank them for coming in and let them know that you look forward to seeing them back in 3 the ending results makes it all worthwhile. How to cite Cell Phone and driving, Papers

Strategic Management of HOTS Hotel Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management of HOTS Hotel. Answer: Introduction Strategic hotel management refers to the implementation and the formulation of the business goal in the context of the hospitality sector. In order to gain competitive advantage strategicmanagement is crucial for the hospitality sector by analyzing its micro and macro environment (Harrington, Chathoth, Ottenbacher Altinay, 2014). The objectives, plan, and design of a business are developed by thestrategic management planning. This study deals with thestrategic management of HOTS hotel in the context of Australia. The analysis of the environmental factors in the context of this business will be analyzed in this section. Analysis of Macro and Micro-environment: PEST analysis in the context of HOTS Political factor The political environment of Australia is stable as the government in Australia changes after 3 years. On the other hand, Australia is a democratic nation thus the political rules do not affect the flow of the business in this country (Galliers Leidner, 2014). This will give a good opportunity to the HOTS hotel to enhance their business as well strategic management approach in this country. Economic factor Australia is one of the growing economic countries among the developing countries. Its high GDP ensures its stable economic status. However, the commercial property price is high (Pavlatos Odysseas, 2015). Despite this stable economy economic recession in the year 2008 has left a negative impact on the Australian economy. Therefore, the hospitality sectors in Australia have been growing rapidly, which ensures that HOTS hotel will expand their business in Australia by establishing headquarters in this country. Social factor The social factor is a big economic factor that leaves a big impact on the external environment in a business. Australia is a multicultural country with a huge number of immigrants. On the other hand, maximum people of Australia belong from the working class and they focus on high lifestyle (Kremer Symmons, 2015). This will bring a good opportunity for the HOTS hotel to maximize their performance by getting a large number of visitors in Australia. Technological factor Australia is one of the developing countries with rapidly emerging technology. This country contributes a good value in the RD program. As a result, the country is technologically more advanced (Pavlatos Odysseas, 2015). The hospitality industry gets a scope to utilize the technology to grow their business by embracing customer-oriented strategy in their business activity. Porter Five Forces analysis in the context of HOTS hotel Application of the Porter's Five Forces model is an effective approach to analyze the external environment of an organization as well as the competitive advantage of an organization. A threat of new entrants, industry rivalry, bargaining power of the customers, bargaining power of the suppliers and threat of alternative product are the major components of this model (Dobbs, 2014). Threat of new entrants In the context of Australia, the threat of new entrants is low. However, in hospitality industry huge funding is required. Treat of the new entrants is a big challenge in any business industry (Yunna Yisheng, 2014). For the HOTS hotel, the entry of new business in the similar industry is quite difficult. Bargaining power of the buyer The bargaining power of the customers refers to the capacity of the customers to lower the price of a product or a service (Mathooko Ogutu, 2015). This depends on the number of customers that a company has. In the context of Australia, a major number of international tourists come as they have a high attraction towards the Australian tourist's spots. On the other hand, they are more concerned about the quality of the hotels in Australian hospitality sector. Thus, bargaining power of the customers is medium in the context of HOTS hotel. Bargaining power of the supplier Bargaining power of the suppliers refers the capacity of the suppliers to maximize the price of the raw materials. This depends on the number of the suppliers present in an organization and how much cost is required for an organization to switch from one supplier to another (Yunna Yisheng, 2014). In Australia many suppliers are present as a result; the power of the suppliers is low in the context of HOTS hotel. Industry rivalry Industry rivalry focuses on the existing competitors in the similar industry and same market segment. The number of competitors in the same industry and their capacity to threaten will be analyzed to understand the current competition. In the context of HOTS hotel this is high as in Australian hospitality industry there are many strong competitors as this industry is going rapidly. As for example, Qualia Great barrier reef, Bamurru Plains and Longitude 131 are the major competitors of HOTS hotel in Australia. Threat of substitute products The substitute threat is high for HOTS hotel as many competitors offer the similar alternative products. In the hospitality industry, the maximum products are similar and contain same price due to huge competition (Dobbs, 2014). Thus, there is a big threat of the alternative product in the context of HOTS hotel. Porters Value chain analysis Porter value chain analysis highlights the way through which an organization creates their business value by using the raw materials to create the high-quality products or service. Inbound logistics, outbound logistics, marketing, service, and operation are the major elements of the Porter value chain (Savino, Manzini Mazza, 2015). In the context of HOTS hotel, their logistics process is effective as it utilizes the resources properly as a result, this organization is able to create value for them and to achieve the competitive advantage. HOTS hotel provides mainly the accommodation facilities especially the room facilities. However, the sales and marketing department focus more on the investment of each aspect of the operation process. Therefore, every step of the business operation in HOTS hotel includes a dynamic nature to add value in the business by gaining competitive advantage. They have regular monitoring process for their entire service process and they keep low inventory t o reduce the waste as well as the operation cost. Discussion of the overarching business strategy Vision: The vision of HOTS hotel is to enhance the customer loyalty by having a long-term impact on their customers those come to visit in their organization. They focus to leave a positive impact on both local and potential customers. HOTS hotel wants to be the first choice in the Australian hospitality industry. As a small and medium-sized organization it will be difficult for HOTS hotel to cover a large portion of the Australian hospitality sector in the first year. Mission: The mission of HOTS hotel is to reveal their business scope in front of their employees and to allocate the resources properly as per the requirement. Ethics, objectives and the CSR activities in business The main business objectives of HOTS hotel are: To understand the current market demand To satisfy the customers by using strategic hospitality management To gain competitive advantage by making competitor analysis Trustworthiness, fairness and the accountability are the main three business ethics of HOTS hotel. However, it is crucial for a business to keep transparency to build trust in the customer domain (Diffley, McCole Carvajal-Trujillo, 2018). However, HOTS hotel focuses on the customer-centric business and they make an online transaction by keeping the customer information confidential. The hospitality sector needs to take CSR activities in their organization to create the brand awareness and to retain the employees (Kim, Rhou, Uysal Kwon, 2017). However, employees always prefer to work with an organization that has a positive image in the market (Kim,Woo, Uysal Kwon, 2018). In the context of HOTS hotel, they have taken 3Rs approach to implement the greening operation in their supply chain management. This CSR activity is one vital part of their strategic management. Such 3Rs approach allows this organization to reduce, recycle and reuse the waste that occurs in their supply chain management. Discussion of the strategic direction The established vision, mission, CSR activity and business objectives affect operation process of HOTS hotel. In the recent years, the hospitality sector has been facing challenges due to the continuously changing demand of the customers (Gannon, Roper Doherty, 2015). This is the main issue of HOTS hotel as they are facing difficulties to satisfy the customers. Implementation of the positioning strategy will leave a positive impact on this organization. This strategy will help them to make an analysis of the products, service and the status of the competitors. They their levels of the managers such as top, middle and low-level managers are involved in the implementation of this strategy through managing changes, solving a problem and maximizing the performance of the organization. Positioning strategy will be applied to differentiate the products of HOTS hotel from their competitors by taking customer insight analysis. This will be effective to increase the revenue by satisfying the customers. As this decision will be taken in the next year then the company has no need to worry about the increase of local community as well as the potential customers number. Recommendations Use of low pricing strategy will be helpful for HOTS hotel to maximize the number of customers by covering customers from all classes. Market analysis strategy will be beneficial to enhance the revenue by identifying the current market need and the position of the competitors. Based on such analysis HOTS hotel will offer innovative service to enhance their sale. By utilizing the modern technology and choosing the right target audience HOTS can improve the Mgt. Providing the discount to FB section during the festive season will be an effective approach for HOTS hotel to increase their sale. Conclusion The entire piece of work reveals the vision, mission, objectives, CSR activity and the strategic direction in the context of HOTS hotel. However, adoption of the positioning strategy will be beneficial for them to cope up with their current problems. Therefore, development of the customer-centric business is their main aim, which can be fulfilled by this strategy. Moreover, it can be concluded that integration of the strategic hospitality management with the CSR activities will be an effective approach for the HOTS hotel. References Diffley, S., McCole, P., Carvajal-Trujillo, E. (2018). Examining social customer relationship management among Irish hotels.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2016-0415 Dobbs, M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), 32-45. doi.org/10.1108/CR-06-2013-0059 Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (Eds.). (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Gannon, J. M., Roper, A., Doherty, L. (2015). Strategic human resource management: Insights from the international hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,47, 65-75. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.03.003 Harrington, J., R., K. Chathoth, P., Ottenbacher, M., Altinay, L. (2014). Strategic management research in hospitality and tourism: past, present and future.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(5), 778-808. doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2013-0576 Kim, H. L., Rhou, Y., Uysal, M., Kwon, N. (2017). An examination of the links between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its internal consequences.International Journal of Hospitality Management,61, 26-34. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.10.011 Kim, H., Woo, E., Uysal, M., Kwon, N. (2018). The effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on employee well-being in the hospitality industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 78-100. doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2016-0166 Kremer, P. D., Symmons, M. A. (2015). Mass timber construction as an alternative to concrete and steel in the Australia building industry: a PESTEL evaluation of the potential.International Wood Products Journal,6(3), 138-147. doi.org/10.1179/2042645315Y.0000000010 Mathooko, F. M., Ogutu, M. (2015). Porters five competitive forces framework and other factors that influence the choice of response strategies adopted by public universities in Kenya.International Journal of Educational Management,29(3), 334-354. doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-12-2013-0187 Pavlatos Odysseas. "An empirical investigation of strategic management accounting in hotels."International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management27, no. 5 (2015): 756-767. doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2013-0582 Savino, M. M., Manzini, R., Mazza, A. (2015). Environmental and economic assessment of fresh fruit supply chain through value chain analysis. A case study in chestnuts industry.Production Planning Control,26(1), 1-18. doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2013.839066 Yunna, W., Yisheng, Y. (2014). The competition situation analysis of shale gas industry in China: Applying Porters five forces and scenario model.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,40, 798-805. doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.015

IRP Indian Rupee Vis-a-Vis Us Dollar free essay sample

Treasury bill, issued in different political jurisdictions anddenominated in different currencies are perfect substitutes in all private portfolios. The degree of financial integration has important macroeconomic implications interms of the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy in influencing aggregatedemand as well as the scope for promoting investment in an economy. The free and unrestricted flow of capital in and out of countries and the everincreasingintegration of world capital markets can be attributed to the process ofGlobalization. The benefits of such integration are liquidity enhancement on one handand risk diversification on the other, both of which are instrumental in makingmarkets more efficient and also facilitate smooth transfers of funds between lendersand borrowers. India began a very gradual and selective opening of the domesticcapital markets to foreign residents, including non-resident Indians (NRIs), in theeighties. The capital market opening picked up pace during the nineties. Real interest parity, uncoveredinterest parity and covered interest parity gives a indication of financial integration of economy. We will write a custom essay sample on IRP: Indian Rupee Vis-a-Vis Us Dollar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Three definitions of financial integration are as follows: (i) Real interest parity hypothesis states that international capital flows equalize real interest rates across countries. (ii) Uncovered interest parity states that capital flows equalize expected rates of return on countries’ bonds regardless of exposure to exchange risk. iii) Covered interest parity states that capital flows equalize interest rates across countries when contracted in the same currency. Only definition (iii) that the covered interest differential is zero is an unalloyed criterion for â€Å"capital mobility† in the sense of the degree of financial market integration across national boundaries. Condition (ii) that the uncovered interest differential is zero requires that (iii) hold and that there be zero exchange risk premium. Condition (i) that the real interest differential be zero requires condition (ii) and in addition that expected real depreciation is zero. Literature Review The uncovered interest parity (UIP) theory states that differences betweeninterest rates across countries can be explained by expected changes in currencies. Empirically, the UIP theory is usually rejected assuming rational expectations, and explanations for this rejection include that expectations are irrational. There appears to be overwhelming empirical evidence against UIRP, at least at frequencies less than one year. Other research shows that UIRP holds in long term. The results of these long horizon regressions are much more positive — the coefficients on interest differentials are of the correct sign, and most are closer to the predicted value of unity than to zero. Research done by Ravi Bansal and Magnus Dahlquistconclude that the often found negative correlation between the expected currency depreciation and interest rate differential is, contrary to popular belief, not a pervasive phenomenon. It is confined to developed economies, and here only to states where the U. S. nterest rate exceeds foreign interest rates. Research done for emerging markets by Frank S. Skinner shows that there isindeed violations in covered interest rate parity in the long-term capital markets andthe source of these violations is credit risk rather than the size of the economy orliquidity of the foreign exchange market. The covered interest parity (CIP) postulates that interest rates denominated in different c urrencies are equal once you cover yourself against foreign exchange risk. Unlike the UIP, there is empirical evidence supporting CIP hypothesis. Empirical studies by various researchers shows that the CIP holds in most cases on the Eurocurrency market (where remunerated assets have similar default and political risk characteristics) since the collapse of the Bretton Woods regime in early 1970’s. In the Indian context, Varma (1997) has undertaken an analysis of the covered interest parity. He posits a structural break in the money market in India in September 1995, with CIP become effective from that point on for the first time in the Indian money market. The structural break itself is attributed to interplay between the money market and the foreign exchange market. The period after 1995 is however witness to several deviations from the CIP. Varma has used rates on Treasury bills, certificates of deposit and commercial paper and call money rate to analyze the Indian money market. One problem encountered in examining covered interest rate parity is a lack of highquality observations on long-term interest rates the terms of which are comparableacross different markets. A ready solution is the interest rate swap market.

Vought F4U Corsair in World War II

Vought F4U Corsair in World War II The Chance Vought F4U Corsair was a noted American fighter that debuted during World War II. Though intended for use aboard aircraft carriers, the F4U experienced early landing issues that initially prevented its deployment to the fleet. As a result, it first entered combat in large numbers with the U.S. Marine Corps. A highly-effective fighter, the F4U posted an impressive kill ratio against Japanese aircraft and also fulfilled a ground-attack role. The Corsair was retained after the conflict and saw extensive service during the Korean War. Though retired from American service in the 1950s, the aircraft remained in use around the world until the late 1960s. Design Development In February 1938, the U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics began seeking proposals for new carrier-based fighter aircraft. Issuing requests for proposals for both single-engine and twin-engine aircraft, they required the former be capable of a high top speed, but have a stall speed of 70 mph. Among those who entered the competition was Chance Vought. Led by Rex Beisel and Igor Sikorsky, the design team at Chance Vought created an aircraft centered on the Pratt Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp engine. To maximize the power of the engine, they selected the large (13 ft. 4 in.) Hamilton Standard Hydromatic propeller. While this significantly enhanced performance, it presented problems in designing other elements of the aircraft such as the landing gear. Due to the propellers size, the landing gear struts were unusually long which required the aircrafts wings to be redesigned. In seeking a solution, the designers ultimately settled on utilizing an inverted gull wing. Though this type of structure was more difficult to construct, it minimized drag and allowed for air intakes to be installed on the leading edges of the wings. Pleased with Chance Voughts progress, the U.S. Navy signed a contract for a prototype in June 1938. Chance Vought XF4U-1 Corsair prototype during tests at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), Langley Research Center at Hampton, VA, in 1940-41.   NASA Langley Research Center Designated the XF4U-1 Corsair, the new aircraft quickly moved forward with the Navy approving the mock-up in February 1939, and the first prototype took flight on May 29, 1940. On October 1, the XF4U-1 made a trial flight from Stratford, CT to Hartford, CT averaging 405 mph and becoming the first US fighter to break the 400 mph barrier. While the Navy and the design team at Chance Vought were pleased with the planes performance, control issues persisted. Many of these were dealt with by the addition of a small spoiler on the leading edge of the starboard wing. With the outbreak of World War II in Europe, the Navy altered its requirements and asked that the aircrafts armament be enhanced. Chance Vought complied by equipping the XF4U-1 with six .50 cal. machine guns mounted in the wings. This addition forced the removal of fuel tanks from the wings and an expansion of the fuselage tank. As a result, the XF4U-1s cockpit was moved 36 inches aft. The movement of the cockpit, coupled with the aircrafts long nose, made it difficult to land for inexperienced pilots. With many of the Corsairs problems eliminated, the aircraft moved into production in mid-1942. Chance Vought F4U Corsair GeneralLength: 33 ft. 4 in.Wingspan: 41 ft.Height: 16 ft. 1 in.Wing Area: 314 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 8,982 lbs.Loaded Weight: 14,669 lbs.Crew: 1PerformancePower Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-2800-8W radial engine, 2,250 hpRange: 1,015 milesMax Speed: 425 mphCeiling: 36,900 ft.ArmamentGuns: 6 Ãâ€" 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gunsRockets: 4Ãâ€" 5 in High Velocity Aircraft Rockets orBombs: 2,000 lbs. Operational History In September 1942, new issues arose with the Corsair when it underwent carrier qualification trials. Already a difficult aircraft to land, numerous problems were found with its main landing gear, tail wheel, and tailhook. As the Navy also had the F6F Hellcat coming into service, the decision was made to release the Corsair to the U.S. Marine Corps until the deck landing problems could be resolved. First arriving in the Southwest Pacific in late 1942, the Corsair appeared in larger numbers over the Solomons in early 1943. Marine pilots quickly took to the new aircraft as its speed and power gave it a decisive advantage over the Japanese A6M Zero. Made famous by pilots such as Major Gregory Pappy Boyington (VMF-214), the F4U soon began to rack up impressive kill numbers against the Japanese. The fighter was largely restricted to the Marines until September 1943, when the Navy began flying it in larger numbers. It was not until April 1944, that the F4U was fully certified for carrier operations. As Allied forces pushed through the Pacific the Corsair joined the Hellcat in protecting US ships from kamikaze attacks. F4U Corsair attacks Japanese ground targets on Okinawa, 1945. National Archives and Records Administration In addition to service as a fighter, the F4U saw extensive use as a fighter-bomber providing vital ground support to Allied troops. Capable of carrying bombs, rockets, and glide bombs, the Corsair earned the name Whistling Death from the Japanese due to sound it made when diving to attack ground targets. By the end of the war, Corsairs were credited with 2,140 Japanese aircraft against losses of 189 F4Us for an impressive kill ratio of 11:1. During the conflict F4Us flew 64,051 sorties of which only 15% were from carriers. The aircraft also saw service with other Allied air arms. Later Use Retained after the war, the Corsair returned to combat in 1950, with the outbreak of fighting in Korea. During the early days of the conflict, the Corsair engaged North Korean Yak-9 fighters, however with the introduction of the jet-powered MiG-15, the F4U was shifted to a purely ground support role. Flown throughout the war, special purpose-built AU-1 Corsairs were constructed for use by the Marines. Retired after the Korean War, the Corsair remained in service with other countries for several years. The last known combat missions flown by the aircraft were during the 1969 El Salvador-Honduras Football War.

The trend of agricultural expansion in the US South and its relation Research Paper

The trend of agricultural expansion in the US South and its relation to the slave movement from 1850 to 1860 - Research Paper Example This is critical since the agricultural items help individuals to acquire the energy that allows them to perform productively. The products especially cotton helps in improving trade and production of clothes that are basic needs (Mudlak 989). This means that agriculture contributed to the wellbeing of individuals in the southern state in the early years of 1860s in the United States. Agriculture is the economic backbone of a nation making it fundamental to embrace creative and innovative ideals. This enhances quality, quantity and effective processing of the produce to allow consumers to attain value. It is also critical to ensure that the agricultural produce exudes great nutritional value to boost an individual’s wellbeing. Nations that seek to develop vibrant economies as apparent in economic growth, expansion, developing an appropriate work force and healthy setting should upgrade agricultural practices. They should adopt the conventional farming practices that are technological driven. This increases the magnitude and quality of agricultural produce as evident in early days of 1860s in US. Poor understanding on how agricultural practices were enhanced in the southern part of US impedes growth in several settings. Poor knowledge has affected food safety and production of crops. Lack of knowledge hinders production of quality agricultural products with appropriate nutritional content (Boyer 2). This study equips various stakeholders with information on the expansion trends of agricultural production in the southern part of US in the period between 1850s - 1860s, and its relationship with slavery. The research allows people to understand the significance of agriculture to the economy and societal process. This is critical because agriculture contributes to food security, job creation, interdependence and development of effective health standards from 1860s. It played

Value Alignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Value Alignment - Essay Example 1). As such, organizational values are seen to be all encompassing for various stakeholders. As an individual, traditional values include being accorded with opportunities for personal and professional growth; being treated equally, fairly, and justly – without discrimination or prejudice; being able to balance family life with work; and being able to adhere to ethical, moral and legal standards. The origin of individual values stem from the value system inculcated by one’s parents (family) and that which is traditionally handed and manifested in one’s culture. From the value statements, of the individual and that of the organization, it could be deduced that when these values are congruent; meaning, they are aligned or identical, the relationship between employer and employee is perceived to be harmonious, smooth, and effective. It was emphasized that â€Å"values and ethics are important in the workplace to help keep order, ensuring that a company runs smoothly and remains profitable† (Amico, 2013, p. 1). As such, both the individual and the organization could work hand in hand towards the accomplishment of identified goals: whether it be personal, professional, or organizational

Donating Your Body To Science Philosophy Essay

Donating Your Body To Science Philosophy Essay Why should someone donate their body to science? One reason is to help discover causes for diseases and even develop cures for those diseases. Using donated bodies scientists have discovered many reasons why humans develop cancer and because of this are also finding ways to treat it. Scientists are also using human brains which have been donated to help them see how the brains works and to help them treat brain disorders. Another benefit of people donating their bodies to science is relieving their families of the expensive of burial. Funeral costs are expensive. In most cases of donation of a body, funeral fees will be paid by the business, hospital or university that is using the body for research. Often they will cremate what was not used and give the families the cremated remains. Other times, they will give the families the body back and pay for the funeral. This is not the case for everybody though, it depends on what the recently deceased person requested in their will. The business, hospital or university will almost always honor what the donors request happens to their bodies. A third reason someone would donate their body is to help solve crimes. Forensic investigators use bodies to help identify how long someone has been dead after a murder. The forensic investigators can do this by studying the decay that occurs to a body over a period of time. They can also use a body to help show how a person died. To do this, they use donated bodies to demonstrate different wounds that can be caused by various weapons and then compare those wounds to decide what weapon was used in a particular case. As a result, donating your body to science can help solve crimes and stop criminals from committing future crimes. There are also many reasons why someone would choose not to donate their body to science. One is religion. Although most people believe donating a body is good, they may think that it goes against their religious beliefs. However, most major religions such as Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam recognize and allow organ and tissue donations. Most religions even believe that donating a body is a good thing to do and that it is an act of kindness. However, not all religions support this and a few do believe that your body should remain whole and intact after death. Overall, it depends on the person to decide what should happen their body. Another reason that someone may not donate their body is fear. Many people think that if they were in some kind of accident and were about to die the doctors would not try as hard to save them. A lot of people believe that the doctors will want their organs. This is not true. When someone is rushed into the emergency room doctors do not even know if they are a donor or not. So there is no benefit for the doctor to not try as hard to save a life in the hope of having organs to use. In fact, if it can be proven that the doctor did not make every effort to save a life they can be sued for malpractice. There really is no reason to be afraid to donate your organs or body because a doctor will always try their hardest to save someone if they are about to die. My final reason that someone may not donate their body is because they feel it will be disgraced and they truth of the matter is that the body does have a chance of being disgraced. Like in the book Stiff when Mary Roach talks about cadavers being used as crash test dummies. Many people would find this to be disgraceful, but it still does not change the fact that these people are helping the world to be safer because it demonstrates what the human body can go through in a crash. When someone does donate their body to science it does have a chance of being disgraced but that should not keep people from doing it. The benefits almost always out way the cost. What one person sacrifices may save the lives of many others. Many people wonder what donating their body to science can do. One major thing is that it can help save a life. When Mary Roach talks about cadavers being used by medical students helps explain why they need to study the human body. I know that I would not want a surgeon who has never really studied a human body to perform surgery on me. This practice can help save a life because it gives doctors and surgeons experience that they need. When human bodies are used as crash test dummies it helps show what improvements need to be made to our cars to make them safer for us. When an organ is donated it can even save someones life. When a body is donated it can help save a life in numerous ways. Donating a body to science can also help show how diseases impact a body. If the person who donated their body had a disease then doctors and scientists can examine that body to see what effects the disease did to the body and how it effected each of the organs. This will help scientist know how to treat others with the same disease more effectively. For example, if the person donating their body had a disease that affected their brain scientists and doctors can discover new and better ways to operate on a living person or create new medications to lessen or eliminate the effects to the brain. This is important because we need to know how different diseases react with the human body and the medicines that are used to counteract the disease. Donating a body to science can even help prevent inhumane treatment of animals and save their lives. Modern medicine is beginning to move away from using living animals to experiment on because of animal rights activists. Studies have shown that surgeons who work on human cadavers do far better than those who work on living animals. It is a lot easier to work with patients because of the experience they have with human cadavers instead of animals. They are even working on a new way to make human cadavers cardiovascular systems work while they are working on the cadavers. There is so much knowledge that a human body can provide over a living animal to a new doctor or surgeon. A human cadaver has so much to offer us. Most people have no idea what donating your body can do. It helps us in ways that I never thought possible but learned about as I read the book Stiff. I never realized cadavers were used as crash test dummies or to see how bullets and bombs affect the body. Those who donate give us so much that we do not realize. They have probably saved hundreds of thousands of lives. By donating their bodies they have each opened up new ways to help others. Everyone who donated their body did it to help others. In my mind, they should be considered heroes because they do so much good for us and arent even here to see what they have done. Overview I personally thought the book Stiff was a good book. I am not one for the more ghoulish parts but overall still thought that it was a good book. I do not think that this would be a book that I would have chosen on my own but I am glad that I had to read this book. When I first got this book I had no idea what donating your body to science actually meant. Although, at this time, I do not plan to donate my body to science, this book actually shown me how much good can come from it. Maybe in the future, as I get older or if my life is at some point affected by a donation, my decision may change. I thought the book was very well written and maintained a good balance between being gross and funny. When I first got the book I really did not want to read it but the more I got into it the more entertaining it became. My favorite part of the book was Chapter 4, Dead Man Driving. There was just something about it that made me laugh even though it seems wrong to use a persons body as a crash te st dummy. It made me wonder, if these people are watching themselves being crashed into a wall, what would they be thinking. Would they still think they made the right decision or would they regret it? This book was one of the more enjoyable books I have read. Over the summer I plan to read more books like Stiff. Work Cited  · pitz, Marylynne. donating your body to science. N.p., 28 Apr. 2010. Infoiho.org. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. · Stolz, Greg. Dead and gone- but still usefull. N.p., 28 Oct. 2008. infohio.org. Web. 28 Apr. 2011. · Fiorito, Joe. Donation to body worlds breaks new boundaries. N.p., 27 Nov. 2009. infoiho.org. Web. 28 Apr. 2011. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Donating Your Body to Science | Funeral-Tips.com. | Funeral-Tips.com. Web. 28 April 2011. . Leaving a Legacy of Compassion. PETA Prime: Celebrating Kind Choices. Web. 28 April 2011. Loeben, Greg. Body and Organ Donation Should I Donate My Body to Science? Whole Body Donation for Medical Research, Education and Training. Web. 28 Apr. 2011. .

The Emh, the Financial Crisis and the Behavioral Finance

The EMH, the Financial Crisis and the Behavioral Finance 1. Introduction The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) that was first proposed by Fama (1965, 1970) is the cornerstone of the modern financial economic theory. The EMH argues that the market is efficient and asset price reflects all the relevant information concerned about its return. The genius insight provided by the EMH has changed the way we look at the financial crisis thoroughly. However, the confidence in the EMH is eroded by the recent financial crisis.People can not help to ask: if the market is efficient and the price of assets is always correct as suggested by the EMH, why there exists such a great bubble in the financial market during the recent financial crisis? Apart from that, the EMH has even been criticized as the culprit of the recent financial crisis. (See Nocera, 2009 and Fox, 2009) Actually after the EMH was proposed, many anomalies have been found in the financial market and financial economists have develo ped many theories in order to explaining these anomalies.Among these the most influential one is the so called behavioral finance, which argues that the complex human behavior plays an important part in determining asset prices. The rest of the essay is arranged as follows. Section 2 explains what the EMH implies and its limitations. Section 3 emphasizes on explaining the usefulness of the EMH in the context of the recent financial crisis. Section 4 focuses on interpreting the behavioral finance. Section 5 concludes the essay. 2. The implications of the EMH According to Ball (2009), the implication of the EMH can be summarized as follows.The implication of the EMH can be decomposed into two parts. The first insight of the EMH is related to the most profound insights of classical economics, that is, there is no excess profit in a complete market, which is due to the fierce competition in the market. If there exists excess profit in such a market, then the entry of new producers will eventually eliminate it. The second insight is that information is symmetric dissemination, which implies that information can flow freely in the market without cost and time lag.Putting these two parts of insights together, the EMH implies that the market is efficient and asset prices reflect all the relevant information concerned about its return, and that investors can only get commensurate return with the cost of exploiting information due to the competition in the market. According to the EMH, people can only expect to get average return in the stock market and it is impossible to beat the market continuously. Note that it is futile to exploit information in order to get abnormal return does not mean that no one should act to exploit information.As a matter of fact, the EMH is a natural result of the fierce competition in the market—if there is no competition in the market, the market can not be efficient. In other words, asset price can not reach its equilibrium level a utomatically. Ice-cream producers face fierce competition from other producers in the market and it is impossible for them to get abnormal profit, but it is foolish for ice-cream producers to stop making ice-cream because they will get nothing if they do not work.Fama (1970) classifies the market into three categories: the weak form efficiency, the semi-strong form efficiency and the strong form efficiency. In the weak form efficiency market, asset prices reflect all the historical information, so it is impossible to obtain abnormal return using historical data and technological analysis is useless. In the semi-strong form efficiency market, asset prices reflect all the information that is publicly available, and thus it is impossible to get abnormal return using publicly available information.In the strong form efficiency market, asset prices reflect all the relevant information, including all publicly available information and inside information, so investors can only get average return and it is impossible to beat the market. 3. The performance of the EMH in explaining the recent financial crisis During the recent financial market, the stock market fell sharply, banks went bankrupt and the financial system was damaged seriously. This financial crisis has eroded the confidence in the EMH.The validity of the EMH and the existence of the efficient market are questioned broadly. If asset prices are always correct and reflect all the relevant information concerning about its return just as the EMH has suggested, why there exists such a great bubble in the financial market during the recent financial crisis? If the market is efficient, why the market fails to predict the collapse of Lehman Brothers, Bear Stern and other large financial institutions? Overall, the EMH fails to answer such questions.Moreover, the EMH also performs poor in explaining other financial crisis. One example is the Tulipmania that occurred in the 17th century. The prices of the tulip bulbs reached extremely high level which seriously deviates from its fundamental value that was suggested by the EMH. This apparent bubble is contradicted with the prediction of the EMH. In fact, the explaining power of the EMH becomes pale when confronting financial crisis. The EMH does not assume that investors are rational, but the EMH does assume that the market is efficient. But the reality may not be that simple.Investors may exhibit a lot of irrational behaviors in the real life, such as overconfident in their ability, following others readily, making wrong decisions when in exuberant state, and so forth. These irrational behaviors of investors without doubt will weaken the explaining power of the EMH. Apart from that, the EMH assumes that information is symmetric dissemination and can flow freely without cost and time lag, but information in the reality may not be symmetric disseminated, information may not be able to flow freely, this will also affect the validity of the EMH in explaining asset prices in the real life.Besides, factors such as sociological factors also play a part in determining asset prices. In author’s opinion, asset price is just like a glass of beer. At the lower part of the glass is the real beer, representing the intrinsic value of the asset that can be explained by the EMH. At the upper part of the glass is the foam, representing values that can not be explained by the EMH. In other word, the EMH can not explain bubbles, which is the systematic deviation of asset prices from their fundamental value.The EMH has even been criticized as the culprit of the financial crisis. In Nocera (2009) and Fox (2009), both of them believe that the notion of efficiency was responsible for the financial crisis. They argue that since the market is efficient and asset prices reflect all relevant information, the investors and supervisors feel it is unnecessary to look into the intrinsic value of assets, and so fail to be aware of the asset price bubbles, thus the financial crisis occurs.Actually, not soon after the EMH was first proposed, scholars have found many anomalies that contradict with the prediction of EMH. De Bondt and Thaler (1985, 1987) found that investors tend to overreact to unexpected news and events and such irrational behavior affects stock prices; Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) found that investors using trading strategies that buying past winners and selling past losers can get abnormal returns during the period 1965 to 1989. De Long, Shleifer, Summers and Waldman (1990) argue hat some anomalies such as the excess volatility of asset prices, the mean reversion in stock prices, and so forth, can be explained by the notion of noise trader risk. These studies have challenged the validity of the EMH. 4. The behavioral finance As has been described before, there are many anomalies that can not be explained by the EMH. Objectively speaking, these anomalies give impetus to the development and breakthrough of finan cial economic theories. Scholars so far have developed many models so as to explaining there anomalies, among which the most influential one is the behavioral finance.The behavioral finance takes psychological factors into account when determining asset price. According to Fuller (2000), the behavioral finance can be described in three ways. In the first way, he thinks that the behavioral finance is the integration of psychology and decision making science with the classical financial economic theory. In the second way, he views the behavioral finance as an attempt to explain the anomalies that have been observed and reported among current literatures in the financial market.In the third way, he thinks that the behavioral finance is a discipline that studies how investors make ‘mental mistakes’ in investment decision making process. The traditional asset pricing theories are developed under the assumption that investors are rational and thus can make right decisions, th at is, investors will not hurt themselves when making decisions. But the behavioral finance theory is developed under the assumption that investors are not always rational and human behavior is irrational at some time and that the financial market is sometimes inefficient.This assumption is much more reasonable than that of the traditional asset pricing theories. Ritter (2003) summarizes some irrational behavior of human beings, such as people tend to follow ‘heuristics’ or rules of thumb, which sometimes lead to biases, people are overconfident about their abilities, people act slowly to adjust to changes, people sometimes separate decisions which should be combined together in principle, and so forth. He argues that these irrational behaviors of investors will lead to misevaluation.Another important assumption made by the behavioral finance is the limits to arbitrage. In a market where arbitrage can be carried out without limitation, mispricing of asset will be elimin ated quickly. But if there are limits to arbitrage, for instance, short sale is not allowed in the financial market, the misprcing of asset may not be eliminated. Under the circumstance that the mispricing of asset is seriously, arbitrager will even choose to give up arbitrage due to the huge risk involved in the arbitrage.This assumption implies that the market is inefficient when there are limits to arbitrage. De Long, Shleifer, Summers and Waldman (1990) maintain that in an economy where rational and irrational traders are mixed, the behavior of noise traders can have huge continuous impact on asset prices, because the huge risk arbitragers confront made arbitrage less attractive. The first scholar who stresses the importance of psychological factors in investment decision making is Keynes.Keynes argues that the ‘animal spirits’ of investors is the psychological foundation of irrational exuberance and crash. Kahneman and Tversky’s (1973, 1979) description on t he belief and preference of investors under uncertainty lays the theoretical foundation for the behavioral finance. After that, the behavioral finance develops rapidly and gradually become the most important branch of financial economics.By economic intuition, since that the behavioral finance takes psychological factors into account when determining asset prices and that these factors do have important impact on the decision-making behaviors of investors, we can say that in the short run the behavioral finance provides a better for the behavior of investors and the financial markets than the EMH. But in the long run, investors will eventually realize and correct their irrational behavior, and the EMH will perform better than the behavioral finance. . Conclusion Under certain assumptions, the EMH maintains that asset prices reflect all the relevant information about the asset, thus it is impossible for investors to get abnormal return and beat the market. The EMH implies that there is no unexploited profitable opportunity in the financial market. Although the EMH provides a useful insight through which we look at the financial market, the EMH fails to explain the more and more anomalies in the financial market.The EMH provides little useful explanation about the recent financial crisis. The validity of the EMH is questioned and the confidence in the EMH declines. Moreover, the EMH has even been criticized as the culprit of this financial crisis. Given the criticism the EMH suffers, scholars have developed varieties of theories so as to explain the anomalies in the financial market. Among these the most influential one is the behavioral finance.The behavioral finance studies how the behavior of human beings affects asset prices and the financial market. Based on the assumption that investors are sometimes irrational and the market is inefficient and that there are limits to arbitrage, the behavioral finance overall gives better explanations concerning the anoma lies in the financial market than the EMH. The behavioral finance is a rapidly developing field in the financial economics. Reference Ball, R. 2009) ‘The global financial crisis and the efficient market hypothesis: What have we learned? ’, forthcoming in Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1502815 (Accessed: 10 March 2010) De Bondt and Thaler (1985) ‘Does the stock market overreact? ’, Journal of Finance, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 793-805 De Long, Shleifer, A. , Summers, A. S. and Waldman, R. J. (1990) ‘Noise trader risk in financial market’, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98, No. 4, pp. 703-738 Fama, E.F. (1965) ‘Random walk in stock market prices’, Financial Analyst Journal, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 55-59 Fama, E. F. (1970) ‘Efficient market hypothesis: A review of theory and empirical work’, Journal of Finance, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 383-417 Fuller, R. J. (2000) Ã¢â‚¬Ë œBehavioral Finance and Sources of Alpha’, forthcoming in Journal of Pension Plan Investing, Vol. 2, No. 3 Fox, J. (2009) ‘The Myth of the Rational Market: A History of Risk, Reward and Delusion on Wall Street’, New York: HarperCollins Jegadeesh, N. and Titman, S. 1993) ‘Returns to buying winners and selling losers: Implications for stock market efficiency’, Journal of Finance, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 65-91 Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (1973) ‘On the psychology of prediction’, Psychological Review, Vol. 80, pp. 237-251 Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (1979) ‘Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk’, Econometrica, Vol. 47, pp. 263-291 Nocera, R. (2009) ‘Poking holes in a theory on markets’, New York Times, June 5, 2009 Ritter, J. R. (2003) ‘Behavioral finance’ ,Pacific-Basin Financial Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 429-437

Progressive Case Study

Progressive Case Study Progressive Auto Insurance company is among many other competing firms in the industry. Some of the others include State Farm, Allstate, and GEICO. They are currently the third biggest private auto insurance industry. From the time they came into existence they have strived for being the most innovative company in the market and shared the values of â€Å"fair, fast, best. † Beginning in 1957 Progressive mainly dealt with standard drivers but soon after they developed a strategy that benefitted them greatly.For the next 25 years they started to focus on the nonstandard driver, who are the drivers that insurers would not cover. Particularly they segmented motorcyclists who had recently received a DUI. They priced the premiums high which resulted in high profitability. They found out that the motorcyclists were actually a lot lower risk than other companies originally perceived. Starting in 1990, they started a practice of immediate response which reduced trauma for the person involved and also helped them in getting an accurate quote for the damages.They also introduced the gold card which reduced the time it took for people to respond to Progressive. In 1995, Progressive became the first insurance company to expand its business to the world wide web essay writer website. The biggest innovative move they made was in 2000 when they introduced the concierge service which included full service repair and customer service at their own shops. Starting in 2006 Progressive was enjoying high profitability due to unanticipated accident frequencies.Thus many companies cut their prices to keep up with the competition. The problem with this is severe underwriting losses. They tried the tactic of reducing prices below their competitors in hope to gain market share but this was the opposite result for them. The CEO Glenn Renwick recommended slowly returning to the underwriting profits of 4% rather than the drastic price drops which could hurt the m if the accident frequencies increased.JD power and Associates gave Progressive a sub par score for overall customer satisfaction of 14. They also fared low on brand awareness ranking in at 57% unaided brand awareness. Their competitors were at GEICO(79%), Allstate(69%), and State Farm(74%). Although they increased their advertising from 8 million in 1997 to 263 million in 2006, they were lagging behind the leading competitors in the field. Although Progressive have been striving as an innovative insurance company they have been lacking behind a few leading companies.It appears that they may need to narrow in on their strengths and cut out some of their programs to make sure they are ensuring high customer satisfaction. After learning that there are many risks out there, people want to know that they will be in good hands after a major disaster or incident. People will always rely on insurance companies because there numerous risks out there that people face everyday. With these co mpanies people feel at ease about the everyday risks that they constantly endure.

Alexander Graham Bell And Eliza Grace Symonds - 1805 Words

Jose Munoz Ms.Aguilar Us History 10/18/16 Alexander Graham Bell He was born to Alexander Melville Bell and Eliza Grace Symonds. His mother was almost deaf, and his father taught elocution to the deaf, which I find very ironic. This ended up influencing Alexander’s later career choice as teacher of the deaf. At age 11 he entered the Royal High School at Edinburgh, but he did not enjoy the compulsory curriculum, and he left school at age 15 without graduating. Alexander invented the first ever telephone. He lived from 1847 to 1922, he was a scottish born american scientist. He worked at a school for the deaf while trying to invent a machine that would send sound by electricity.†Bell was granted the first official patent for his telephone in March 1876, though he would later face years of legal challenges to his claim that he was its sole inventor, resulting in one of history’s longest patent battles.† When he got his machine to work, he offered to sell his patent to Western Union for 100 thousand dollars. Western Union turned down his offer because the telephone did not really hit it off at first. So Alexander decided to make his own telephone company. â€Å"The Bell Telephone Company, a common law joint stock company, was organized in Boston, Massachusetts on July 9, 1877, by Alexander Graham Bell s father-in-law Gardiner Greene Hubbard, who also helped organize a sister company — the New England Telephone and T elegraph Company.† Once the telephone hit off and everyoneShow MoreRelatedGraham Bell Speech708 Words   |  3 Pagesof the names to shape the frontier of communication is Graham Bell. (POPOVA, 2017) Introduction: Alexander Graham Bell was born on the 3rd of March 1847 in the capital city of Scotland, Edinburgh. Bell was the middle child to Eliza Grace Symonds and Melville Bell, a well-respected scholar who devoted most of his lifeRead MoreAlexander Graham Bell1151 Words   |  5 PagesAlexander Graham Bell was a notable scientist and engineer that changed the world with his invention of the telephone. Without the telephone, everyone would not have a reliable communication device. Alexander Graham Bell is considered one of the most influential people in human history. Early Life ~ Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3rd, 1847 at his family home, 16 South Charlotte Street, in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was born to Professor Alexander Melville Bell and Eliza Grace (nee Symonds)Read MoreAlexander Graham Bell: A Short Biography Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander Graham Bell: A Short Biography Upon hearing the name Alexander Graham Bell, we remember the inventor of the telephone. However, Alexander was much more than just the inventor of the telephone. As a matter of fact he was an audiologist. His family was the leading authorities in elocution and speech correction. He had improved and carried on his families business, along with his brothers. Alexander had created the phone at an early age among inventors- only 29. Later in his career Bell